Bertrand, Jacques. 2004. Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Coleman, James S. 1956. “Social Cleavage and Religious Conflict.” Journal of Social Issues 12 (3): 44–56. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1956.tb00378.x.

Dahrendorf, Ralf. 1959. Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Horowitz, Donald. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Huntington, Samuel P. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Kakar, Sudhir. 1995. The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Selengut, Charles. 2003. Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence. Lanham: Altamira Press.

Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

van den Bergh, Pierre L. 1965. South Africa: A Study in Conflict. Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press.

Young, Crawford. 1982. “Patterns of Social Conflict: State, Class, and Ethnicity.” Daedalus 111 (2): 71–98.